Estimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud /

Estimating the flammable mass of a vapor cloud /

Gorde:
Xehetasun bibliografikoak
Egile nagusia: Woodward, John Lowell
Erakunde egilea: Knovel (Firm)
Formatua: Liburua
Hizkuntza:English
Argitaratua: New York, N.Y. : Center for Chemical Process Safety of the American Institute of Chemical Engineers, c1998.
Saila:CCPS concept book
Gaiak:
Vapors > Flammability > Mathematical models.
Explosions > Mathematical models.
Fire > Mathematical models.
Chemical plants > Safety measures.
Inflammable gases.
Electronic books.
Sarrera elektronikoa:Publisher description
Table of contents only
Aurkibidea:
  • Machine derived contents note: Preface.
  • Acknowledgments.
  • Glossary.
  • Nomenclature.
  • 1. Introduction.
  • 1.1 Why Calculate Flammable Mass?
  • 1.2 How Are Flammable Mass Estimates Used?
  • 1.3 Other CCPS Publications.
  • 2. Overview.
  • 2.1 Context.
  • 2.2 Objectives.
  • 2.3 How to Use Thus Book.
  • 3. Industry Experiences with Flammable Vapor Clouds.
  • 3.1 Property Losses from Vapor Cloud Accidents.
  • 3.2 Examples of Vapor Clouds Events.
  • 3.2.1 Bangkok, Thailand, LPG Vapor Cloud.
  • 3.2.2 Saint Herblain, France, Gasoline Cloud, October 7, 1991.
  • 3.2.3 Pampa, Texas, Hoechst-Celanese Explosion, November 17, 1987.
  • 3.2.4 Monsanto Ethanol Explosion, Autumn, 1970.
  • 3.2.5 Mexico City Vapor Cloud and Explosion, November 19, 1984.
  • 3.2.6 Pasadena, Texas Fire and Explosion, October 23, 1989.
  • 3.3 Examples with Postaccident Determination of Flammable Mass.
  • 3.3.1 Fixborough Vapor Cloud Explosion, June 1, 1974.
  • 3.3.2 Piper Alpha North Sea Platform Fire, July 6, 1988.
  • 3.3.3 DSM Naphtha Cracker, Beek, the Netherlands, 7 November 1975.
  • 4. Basic Concept?Fluid Flow, Fires, and Explosions.
  • 4.1 Discharge Characteristics.
  • 4.1.1 Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks.
  • 4.1.2 Single-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes.
  • 4.1.3 Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Tanks.
  • 4.1.4 Two-Phase Discharge Rates from Pipes.
  • 4.1.5 Aerosol Formation and Drop Size Correlations.
  • 4.1.6 Rainout.
  • 4.1.7 Pool Spread and Evaporation on Land.
  • 4.2 Dispersion Factors.
  • 4.2.1 Jet Mixing.
  • 4.2.2 Meteorology.
  • 4.2.3 Surface Roughness and Terrain.
  • 4.2.4 Averaging Time.
  • 4.2.5 Impingement and Catering.
  • 4.2.6 Obstacle Effects.
  • 4.3 Sources of Ignition.
  • 4.4 Flame Characteristics.
  • 4.4.1 Flammable Limits.
  • 4.4.2 Flammable Limits with Inerts.
  • 4.4.3 Autoignition Temperature for Gases.
  • 4.4.4 Minimum Ignition Energy for Gases.
  • 4.4.5 Flash Point.
  • 4.4.6 Laminar Burning Velocity and Turbulent Flame Speed.
  • 4.5 Aerosol Flammability.
  • 4.6 Turbulence Effects.
  • 4.6.1 Turbulence Effects of Jet Plume Ignition.
  • 4.6.2 Turbulence and Pockets of Flammable Material.
  • 4.7 Flash Fires.
  • 4.8 Explosions.
  • 4.8.1 Confinement and Congestion.
  • 4.8.2 Effects of Concentration on Explosion Overpressure.
  • 4.8.3 TNT Equivalence Explosion Models.
  • 4.8.4 Volume Source Explosion Models.
  • 4.8.5 Determining Fuel Reactivity.
  • 4.8.6 Determining Degree of Confinement.
  • 4.8.7 Determining Level of Congestion.
  • 4.8.8 Multiple Congested Volumes.
  • 4.9 Minimum Flammable Mass for Vapor Cloud Explosions.
  • 4.10 Probability of Vapor Cloud Ignition and Explosion.
  • 5. Determination of Flammable Mass.
  • 5.1 Estimation Methods by Degree of Confinement.
  • 5.2 Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Unconfined Vapor Clouds.
  • 5.2.1 Screening Rules of Thumb.
  • 5.2.2 Calculating Flammable Mass with Dispersion Models.
  • 5.3 Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Partially Confined Vapor Clouds.
  • 5.3.1 Estimating Flammable Mass for Potential Explosion Sites.
  • 5.4 Methods for Finding the Flammable Mass in Confined Vapor Clouds.
  • 5.4.1 Flammable Mass in Well-Mixed Room from Spill Outdoors.
  • 5.4.2 Flammable Mass from Indoor Release in Well-Mixed Room with Low Ventilation.
  • 6. Overview of Related Computer Programs.
  • 7. Worked Examples.
  • 7.1 Example 10, Unconfined Vapor Cloud?Vapor and Liquid Propane Releases.
  • 7.2 Example 11, Unconfined Vapor Cloud?Effect of Wind Speed.
  • 7.3 Example 12, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion?Vinyl Chloride Monomer Release.
  • 7.4 Example 13, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud Explosion?Total Petroleum LaMede Refinery Explosion, November 1992.
  • 7.5 Example 14, Partially Confined Vapor Cloud?Multiple Congested Areas.
  • 7.6 Example 15, Confined Vapor Clouds.
  • 8. Recommendations for Future Work.
  • 8.1 Calculating Flammable Mass Profiles Along a Vapor Cloud.
  • 8.2 Resolving the Minimum Explosive Mass Issue.
  • 8.3 Contribution of Aerosols to Explosive Mass.
  • 8.4 Dispersion Modeling Around Plant Structure.
  • 8.5 Improved Modeling of Jets Impacting Surfaces.
  • 8.6 Models That Account for Turbulence Spectra.
  • 8.7 Reconciling Indoor and Outdoor Explosion Models.
  • 8.8 Calculate Net Efficiencies for TNT Equivalent Models from Historical Events.
  • Appendix A. Atmosphere Stability Classification Schemes.
  • Appendix B. Vertical Wind Profiles.
  • Appendix C. Flammability Properties.
  • Appendix D. Correlation for Flash Point.
  • Appendix E. Polydisperse Drop Size Distributions.
  • Appendix F. Multicomponent Pool Evaporation for Spills on Land.
  • Appendix G. Generalized Indoor Concentration Build-Up or Decay.
  • Appendix H. Calculating Concentration for Indoor Releases.
  • Appendix I. Evaluating Flammable Mass for Gaussian Dispersion Models: Instantaneous, Point Source.
  • Appendix J. Evaluating Flammable Mass for Gaussian Dispersion Models: Continous Release, Approximate Method.
  • Appendix K. Evaluating Flammable Mass for Gaussian Dispersion Model?Continuous Release, Rigorous Solution.
  • Appendix L. Numerical Integration to Find Flammable Mass.
  • Appendix M. Expansion Velocity and Discharge Coefficients.
  • Appendix N. Conversion Factors.
  • References.
  • Index.

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